{"id":1305,"date":"2023-05-24T12:11:12","date_gmt":"2023-05-24T12:11:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climateschool.net\/?p=1305"},"modified":"2024-03-02T12:27:21","modified_gmt":"2024-03-02T12:27:21","slug":"%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%ae-%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climateschool.net\/en\/%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%ae-%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%ac\/","title":{"rendered":"Dictionary of Climate Terms.. An important guide for the United Nations Development Programme"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this guide prepared by the United Nations Development Program in May 2023, you can learn about the most prominent climate terms and their definitions. It is a useful guide for daily use when working on climate stories, reports, and news. You can refer to the dictionary page from this Link<\/a> Here are the most important terms it includes:<\/p>\n

Weather versus climate<\/strong><\/p>\n

Weather refers to weather conditions at a particular time in a particular location, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, wind, and visibility. Weather conditions do not occur in one region in isolation, but rather have an impact on the weather system in an integrated manner. Ultimately the weather in one area affects the weather hundreds or thousands of kilometers away.<\/p>\n

Climate is the average weather patterns in a given area over a longer period of time, usually 30 years or more, which represents the overall state of the climate system.<\/p>\n

Human activity in the industrial age, especially over the past century, is dramatically changing our planet's climate by releasing harmful greenhouse gases.<\/p>\n

Greenhouse gas emissions<\/strong><\/p>\n

Greenhouse gases are gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global warming and climate change. The main greenhouse gases emitted by human activity are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen oxides, as well as fluorinated gases found in specific refrigeration equipment and water vapor. The world's governments must work together to prevent catastrophic climate change and to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions!!! Limit global warming to avoid reaching the global warming danger threshold of 1.5\u00b0C.<\/p>\n

Global warming versus climate change<\/strong><\/p>\n

Global warming is an increase in the Earth's average surface temperature and occurs when the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases. These gases absorb more solar radiation and prevent energy from escaping, leading to more energy being trapped within the atmosphere and thus increasing the average temperature. Burning fossil fuels, cutting down trees, deforestation, and raising livestock are some of the human activities that release greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming.<\/p>\n

Climate change refers to long-term changes in the Earth's climate that lead to warming of the atmosphere, oceans, and land. Climate change affects the balance of ecosystems that support life and biodiversity, and affects health. It also causes more extreme weather events, such as more intense and\/or frequent hurricanes, floods, heat waves and droughts, and leads to sea level rise and coastal erosion as a result of ocean warming, glacial melting and ice loss.<\/p>\n

Climate crisis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The climate crisis refers to serious problems caused by, or potentially caused by, changes in the planet's climate, including extreme weather events and hazards, ocean acidification and sea level rise, biodiversity loss, food and water insecurity, health risks, and economic disruption. , displacement, and even violent conflict.<\/p>\n

Since the 19th century, human activities have increased the Earth's average temperature by about 1.2\u00b0C \u2013 with more than two-thirds of this global warming occurring since 1975. This is already causing significant damage to human societies and natural ecosystems in many parts of the world. More than 3 billion people live in places highly vulnerable to the climate crisis, with low-income countries disproportionately affected.<\/p>\n

Scientists predict that an increase exceeding 1.5 degrees Celsius will lead to a series of dangerous tipping points that would make many changes irreversible and pose an extremely serious threat to human civilization. That's why governments must act now to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and chart a path to net zero in the coming decades, invest in adapting to the unavoidable impacts of climate change, and protect and restore the natural ecosystems and biomes on which the planet depends.<\/p>\n

Climate feedback loop<\/strong><\/p>\n

Climate feedback loops occur when one change in climate leads to further changes, in a chain reaction that reinforces itself over time. Eventually, climate feedback loops can lead to tipping points, at which changes in our planet's climate systems become severe and irreversible.<\/p>\n

Currently, scientists are aware of some serious climate feedback loops that lead to global warming. For example, when Arctic sea ice melts, darker ocean waters absorb more heat, accelerating the warming process and leading to more ice melting. Likewise, when wildfires occur, they release greenhouse gases which leads to more warming and more wildfires. Other climate feedback loops include thawing permafrost, forest dieback, and insect spread.<\/p>\n

turning point<\/strong><\/p>\n

A tipping point is a threshold beyond which certain changes caused by climate change become irreversible. These changes could lead to sudden and dangerous impacts with very serious repercussions for the future of our planet.<\/p>\n

Scientists have already identified areas of concern, such as the death of forests and coral reefs, melting permafrost and glaciers, and ocean warming and acidification, but more research is needed.<\/p>\n

Go beyond climate<\/strong><\/p>\n

Under the Paris Agreement, countries are expected to take the necessary measures to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, but even the best climate scenarios based on complex mathematical models now indicate a high chance of exceeding these goals, even if only temporarily. Climate overshoot refers to the period during which warming exceeds 1.5\u00b0C before it declines again. This period is likely to occur in the middle of the current century.<\/p>\n

The longer the climate overshoot lasts, the more dangerous it becomes. Prolonged periods of rising global temperatures will have devastating and irreversible impacts on natural ecosystems, biodiversity and human communities, especially in dry zones, coastal zones and other vulnerable locations. Therefore, making significant reductions in emissions during this decade is of paramount importance in reducing the duration and impacts of climate overshoot.<\/p>\n

Mitigation (mitigating the effects of climate change)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mitigation refers to any action taken by governments, communities, businesses and individuals to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n

Examples of mitigation include transitioning to renewable energy such as wind and solar, investing in zero-carbon transportation, promoting sustainable agriculture and land use, planting forests to act as carbon sinks, and changing consumption practices and diet behaviors.<\/p>\n

Did you know: To limit global warming to 1.5\u00b0C, which scientists have set as a minimum before irreversible climate impacts occur, the world must take mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 45% before 2030 and reach net-zero carbon dioxide emissions Zero carbon mid-century.<\/p>\n

Adaptation (adaptation to climate change)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Adaptation refers to actions that help reduce vulnerability to the current or expected impacts of climate change.<\/p>\n

Examples of adaptation include planting crop species that are more resistant to drought or changing conditions, managing land to reduce the risk of wildfires, building stronger defenses to reduce flooding, improving and relocating infrastructure from coastal areas affected by sea level rise, and developing insurance mechanisms for climate-related threats.<\/p>\n

Building capacity to confront crises<\/strong><\/p>\n

Climate change adaptation refers to actions that help reduce vulnerability to current or expected impacts of climate change such as extreme weather events and hazards, sea level rise, biodiversity loss, or food and water insecurity.<\/p>\n

Even in very positive scenarios in which we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly and quickly, climate change will continue to affect our world for decades to come because of the energy already trapped in the system. This means that widespread adaptation is needed to reduce these impacts and protect people and nature.<\/p>\n

Many adaptation measures need to be implemented at the local level, so rural communities and cities have a big role to play. These measures include planting more drought-resistant crop varieties and practicing regenerative agriculture, improving water storage and use, managing land to reduce the risk of wildfires, and building stronger defenses against extreme weather such as floods and heat waves.<\/p>\n

\nHowever, adaptation must also be driven at national and international levels. In addition to developing policies to guide adaptation, governments should consider wide-ranging measures such as strengthening or relocating infrastructure from coastal areas affected by sea level rise, building infrastructure capable of withstanding more extreme weather conditions, and strengthening early warning systems. Access disaster information, develop insurance mechanisms for climate-related threats, and create new protections for wildlife and natural ecosystems.<\/p>\n

Carbon footprint<\/strong><\/p>\n

A carbon footprint is a measure of greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere by a particular person, organization, product or activity. A larger carbon footprint means more carbon dioxide and methane emissions, and thus a greater contribution to the climate crisis.<\/p>\n

Measuring a person or organization's carbon footprint entails considering both the direct emissions from burning fossil fuels for energy and heating production and land and air travel, and the indirect emissions from the production and disposal of all the food, manufactured goods and services they consume.<\/p>\n

Carbon footprints can be reduced by switching to low-carbon energy sources such as wind and solar, improving energy efficiency, strengthening industries' policies and regulations, changing purchasing and travel habits, and reducing meat consumption and food waste.<\/p>\n

Climate justice<\/strong><\/p>\n

Climate justice means putting equity and human rights at the heart of decision-making and action on climate change.<\/p>\n

One aspect of climate justice concerns the historically disproportionate responsibility that states bear for the climate crisis. The concept suggests that countries, industries and companies that have become rich from activities that emit the most greenhouse gas emissions have a responsibility to help mitigate the effects of climate change on those affected, especially the most vulnerable countries and communities that are often the least contributing to climate change.<\/p>\n

Even within the same country, due to structural inequalities based on race, gender, and socioeconomic status, responsibilities for confronting climate change must be divided fairly, with the greatest responsibility falling on those who contributed to causing it and benefited from the activities that led to the climate crisis. .<\/p>\n

Future generations are the other side of climate justice. Today's children and youth have not contributed significantly to the climate crisis, but they will suffer the effects of climate change significantly as they grow older. They must have a central role in all climate decision-making and action because their human rights are threatened by the decisions of previous generations.<\/p>\n

Nature-based solutions<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nature-based solutions support climate change adaptation and mitigation by using natural systems and processes to restore ecosystems, conserve biodiversity, and enable sustainable livelihoods. They are actions that prioritize ecosystems and biodiversity and are designed and implemented with the full participation and consent of local communities and indigenous peoples.<\/p>\n

Examples include green roofs, urban parks and gardens, restoring wetlands, savannas and other ecosystems, preserving mangrove forests, or switching to regenerative agriculture practices.<\/p>\n

Did you know: Nature-based solutions are seen as a win-win for people and nature. They can create jobs, provide new and more flexible livelihood opportunities, and increase incomes while also protecting the planet.<\/p>\n

Indigenous knowledge<\/strong><\/p>\n

Indigenous lifestyles are inherently low carbon and emphasize balance between humans and the natural world. Their traditional practices have minimal impact on the environment and respond to it, promoting self-sufficient ecosystems.<\/p>\n

Indigenous peoples were among the first to notice climate change and their knowledge and practices help navigate and adapt to its impacts. Indigenous peoples' intergenerational and community-based knowledge is a great source of meaningful climate solutions that can enhance climate change mitigation and adaptation and build resilience. Scientific data can also be supplemented with accurate information about the current situation which is crucial for evaluating climate change scenarios.<\/p>\n

Indigenous peoples protect an estimated 80 percent of the world's remaining biodiversity, yet remain excluded from almost all global decision-making on climate change. Their collective knowledge, valuable insights and rights to their ancestral lands, territories, resources and way of life must be recognized and included in climate policies and actions.<\/p>\n

Losses and damages<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is no agreed definition of \u201closs and damage\u201d in international climate negotiations. However, the term can refer to the inevitable impacts of climate change that occur despite or in the absence of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Most importantly, it highlights that there are limits to what adaptation can achieve. When tipping point thresholds are crossed, the impacts of climate change can become unavoidable.<\/p>\n

Loss and damage can refer to both economic and non-economic losses. Economic loss and damage can include things like the costs of rebuilding infrastructure repeatedly damaged by hurricanes or floods, or the loss of coastal land (and homes and businesses) due to sea level rise and coastal erosion.<\/p>\n

Non-economic loss and damage includes negative impacts to which a monetary value cannot be easily assigned. This can include things such as trauma resulting from hazards and extreme weather conditions, loss of life, displacement of communities, loss of history and culture or loss of biodiversity.<\/p>\n

Climate security<\/strong><\/p>\n

Climate change can exacerbate food, water and livelihood insecurity, with cumulative impacts such as displacement, migration and increased competition for natural resources, all of which can lead to increased tensions and instability in a country or region. In addition, the impacts of climate change could exacerbate or prolong existing violent conflicts and make it more difficult to implement climate action and achieve and sustain peace.<\/p>\n

Climate security refers to assessing, managing and reducing risks to peace and stability caused by the climate crisis. This means ensuring that climate mitigation and adaptation goes beyond doing no harm and contributes positively to peace and stability. It also means that conflict prevention and peacebuilding interventions take climate impacts into account. Technical solutions for climate action and adaptation can serve as opportunities for peacebuilding and social fabric repair, especially in conflict-affected and less crisis-resilient countries.<\/p>\n

Did you know: Climate action can help mitigate the factors behind conflict, vulnerability and crises. For example, access to renewable energy can be a lifeline that supports clean water, light, warmth and livability, as well as essential and emergency services. It also promotes local economic development, while putting countries on a sustainable development path to recover from crises and disasters.<\/p>\n

Climate finance<\/strong><\/p>\n

Climate finance refers to the financial resources and instruments used to support action on climate change. Climate finance is crucial to addressing climate change because of the large-scale investments needed for the transition to a low-carbon global economy and to help societies build resilience and adapt to the impacts of climate change.<\/p>\n

Climate finance can come from different sources, public or private, national or international, bilateral or multilateral. Various instruments can be used such as grants, donations, green bonds, debt swaps, guarantees and soft loans. It can be used for various activities, including mitigation, adaptation and building resilience to crises.<\/p>\n

Some of the multilateral funds that countries can access include the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), and the Adaptation Fund (AF). Developed countries with a significant historical contribution to climate change have committed to raising US$100 billion each year to finance climate action in developing and low-income countries. However, this target has not yet been reached and more funding is needed for mitigation and adaptation interventions.<\/p>\n

Did you know: Numerous studies and reports show that investments in climate action can yield results that significantly outweigh the initial costs. One study conducted by the World Bank shows that an investment of US$1 can generate an average of US$4 in interest.<\/p>\n

Net zero emissions<\/strong><\/p>\n

Reaching net zero emissions requires us to ensure that CO2 emissions from human activity are offset by human efforts to remove CO2 emissions (for example, by creating carbon sinks to absorb CO2) \u2013 thus halting further increases in greenhouse gas concentrations In the atmosphere.<\/p>\n

The transition to net zero emissions requires a complete transformation of our energy, transportation, production and consumption systems. This is necessary to avoid the worst consequences of climate change.<\/p>\n

Did you know: To keep global warming below 1.5\u00b0C, the world's governments need to ensure that all greenhouse gas emissions peak by 2025, and reach net zero emissions in the second half of this century. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has recommended reducing carbon dioxide emissions<\/p>\n

global level by 45% before 2030 (compared to 2010 levels) and reaching net-zero emissions by mid-century.<\/p>\n

Carbon removal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Decarbonization means reducing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that society produces, as well as increasing the amount that is absorbed. It entails changing many, if not all, aspects of the economy, from how energy is generated, to how goods and services are produced and delivered, to how buildings are built and how land is managed.<\/p>\n

To meet the goals of the Paris Agreement and keep the 1.5 degree target alive, governments and businesses must rapidly decarbonize by 2030. Meaningful decarbonization requires significant investments in low-carbon infrastructure and transport, renewables, the circular economy, resource and land efficiency and soil restoration. It also requires rethinking current economic models that focus on growth at all costs.<\/p>\n

Renewable energy<\/strong><\/p>\n

Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are constantly renewed, such as wind, sunlight, moving water flow, and geothermal heat. Unlike energy obtained from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which account for 75 percent of the harmful greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change, energy from renewable sources is cheap, clean, sustainable and generates more jobs.<\/p>\n

Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy in all sectors \u2013 energy, heating and cooling, transport and industry \u2013 is key to confronting the climate crisis. To stay below 1.5\u00b0C of global warming, the world needs to phase out the use of fossil fuels and undergo a profound transformation of the energy system through rapid electrification and access to energy from renewable sources.<\/p>\n

Did you know: In 2022, renewable sources provided 29 percent of global electricity. With the right investments, cheap electricity from renewable sources could provide 65 percent of the world's total electricity supply by 2030.2030.2030<\/p>\n

Carbon bank<\/strong><\/p>\n

A carbon sink is anything that absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases. Forests, wetlands, oceans and soils are the world's largest carbon sinks.<\/p>\n

Today, human activity, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, releases more carbon into the atmosphere than the Earth's natural carbon sinks can absorb, leading to global warming and climate change. Therefore, protecting and expanding carbon sinks is an essential strategy to confront climate change and stabilize the Earth's climate.<\/p>\n

Carbon removal versus carbon capture<\/strong><\/p>\n

Decarbonization is the process of removing greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere, through actions such as planting trees or capturing and sequestering carbon from biofuels and bioenergy plants. Decarbonisation can slow, reduce or even reverse climate change \u2013 but it is not a substitute for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n

Carbon capture and storage is the process of taking emissions from power generation or industrial activity and storing them deep underground.<\/p>\n

In short, decarbonization is the elimination of carbon emissions after they enter our atmosphere. Carbon capture and storage is the trapping of carbon emissions immediately after they are emitted, but before they can enter our atmosphere. The effectiveness of these processes remains largely untested.<\/p>\n

Carbon markets<\/strong><\/p>\n

Carbon markets are trading systems in which the amount of carbon is measured in a \u201ccarbon credit\u201d that can be bought and sold. Companies or individuals can use carbon markets to offset their greenhouse gas emissions by purchasing carbon credits from entities that eliminate or reduce greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n

One tradable carbon credit equals one ton of CO2, or an equivalent amount of various greenhouse gases reduced, sequestered or avoided. When credit is used to reduce, sequester or avoid emissions, it becomes compensation and is no longer tradable.<\/p>\n

Regenerative agriculture<\/strong><\/p>\n

Regenerative agriculture is a method of farming that nourishes and restores soil health, thereby reducing water use, preventing land degradation, and enhancing biodiversity. By reducing tillage of the land, practicing rotating crops, and using animal manure and compost, regenerative agriculture ensures that soils store more carbon, retain more moisture, and are healthier because fungal communities thrive.<\/p>\n

Intensive agriculture is responsible for a third of global greenhouse gas emissions, uses 70 percent of our fresh water, and degrades soil through its use of heavy machinery, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides. It is also the largest contributor to biodiversity loss. By contrast, regenerative agriculture helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve water, and restore land. Furthermore, healthy soil produces more food, better nutrition and has other positive impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity.<\/p>\n

Reforestation versus afforestation<\/strong><\/p>\n

Forests provide enormous benefits by removing carbon dioxide and pollutants from the atmosphere, preventing soil erosion, filtering water, and sheltering half of the world's terrestrial species of animals, plants, and insects. Reforestation and afforestation are two of the most effective nature-based solutions in combating climate change and reducing its impacts.<\/p>\n

Reforestation is the process of replanting trees in areas that were recently covered by trees but where forests have been lost due to fire, drought, disease, or human activity such as razing? Farmland.<\/p>\n

Afforestation is the process of planting trees in areas that have not been afforested in recent history. Afforestation helps restore abandoned and degraded farmland, prevent desertification, create carbon sinks, and generate new economic opportunities for local communities.<\/p>\n

Wildlife regeneration<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wildlife regeneration is the collective restoration of vital ecosystems destroyed by human activity. Considered more than conservation, which focuses on saving specific species through dedicated human intervention, wildlife regeneration refers to setting aside large areas of the natural world for renewal on its own terms. This sometimes requires reintroducing keystone species that have become extinct in a particular area, such as beavers, wolves, or large herbivores that help shape entire ecosystems.<\/p>\n

Wildlife regeneration can help fight climate change by removing more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through healthy natural processes such as regenerating natural forests. It also helps prevent species extinction<\/p>\n

By creating nature-rich habitats that allow wildlife to adapt to climate change and move north as global warming intensifies.<\/p>\n

Circular economy<\/strong><\/p>\n

At present, we are using more than the available amount of the Earth's natural resources to maintain current levels of human consumption. It is estimated that if we continue on our current path, we will need the equivalent of approximately three planets worth of natural resources.<\/p>\n

A circular economy means that economic systems are based on the reuse and regeneration of materials or products, ensuring that production and consumption are carried out in a sustainable or environmentally friendly way that minimizes and reuses waste.<\/p>\n

Circular economy approaches can help countries accelerate their transition to more resilient, lower-carbon economies while creating new green jobs.<\/p>\n

Blue economy<\/strong><\/p>\n

Through their temperature, chemistry, currents and life, the world's oceans drive the global systems that make Earth habitable. The seas regulate rainwater, drinking water, weather, climate, coastlines, much of our food and medicine, and even the oxygen in the air we breathe. However, due to climate change, the health of our oceans is now at great risk.<\/p>\n

The \u201cBlue Economy\u201d concept seeks to promote economic development, social inclusion and maintain or improve livelihoods while at the same time ensuring the environmental sustainability of oceans and coastal areas.<\/p>\n

The blue economy has diverse components, including well-established traditional marine industries such as fisheries, tourism, and shipping, but also new and emerging activities such as marine renewable energy, aquaculture, seabed extractive activities, and marine biotechnology.<\/p>\n

Green jobs<\/strong><\/p>\n

Green jobs are decent jobs that contribute to protecting and restoring the environment and combating climate change. Green jobs can be found in both the production of green products and services such as renewable energy and in environmentally friendly processes, such as recycling. Green jobs help improve energy and raw material efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce waste and pollution, protect and restore ecosystems and support adaptation to the effects of climate change.<\/p>\n

As the market for green jobs expands, states must ensure that the workforce is equipped with the specific skills and education required to implement them. This can be achieved by investing in training young people for the green jobs of the future and retraining workers from carbon-intensive industries. This is an essential part of ensuring that countries pursue a just transition and leave no one behind.<\/p>\n

As public pressure mounts to address the climate crisis, private sector companies are joining the transition to a low-carbon global economy. However, their efforts can sometimes turn into more of a marketing exercise than real, meaningful action.<\/p>\n

Greenwashing<\/strong><\/p>\n

Greenwashing refers to situations in which a company makes misleading claims about the positive environmental impact or sustainability of its products and services to convince consumers that they are working on climate change. In some cases, it can be greenwashing<\/p>\n

Unintentional due to lack of knowledge of environmental issues. However, it can also be carried out intentionally as a marketing and public relations exercise, exploiting public support for environmental policies for profit.<\/p>\n

Greenwashing can undermine public confidence in sustainability and allow negative environmental impacts to continue unabated.<\/p>\n

Just transition<\/strong><\/p>\n

In the context of climate change, the transition to a low-carbon or net-zero economy requires a massive transformation of our economic systems. Such a shift risks increasing social inequality, exclusion, civil unrest and less competitive businesses, sectors and markets.<\/p>\n

As countries work to achieve their climate goals, it is important to include the whole of society in the process \u2013 all communities, all workers and all social groups \u2013 as part of the structural change that is taking place.<\/p>\n

Ensuring a just transition means that countries choose to green their economies through transition paths and approaches that promote equality and inclusion. This means considering the impacts of transformation on different groups of workers across the economy and providing opportunities for training and reskilling that support decent work and aim to leave no one behind.<\/p>\n

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change<\/strong><\/p>\n

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted in 1992 to combat dangerous human interference with the climate system. It entered into force in 1994 and enjoys almost universal membership, having been signed by 199 parties. It is the parent treaty of the Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol.<\/p>\n

The UNFCCC Secretariat is a United Nations entity charged with supporting the global response to the threat of climate change. The Secretariat facilitates intergovernmental climate change negotiations by organizing between two and four negotiating sessions each year, the largest and most important of which is the Conference of the Parties. It also provides technical expertise, helps analyze and review climate change information, and maintains a register of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).<\/p>\n

Conference of the Parties (COP)<\/strong><\/p>\n

The annual United Nations conference dedicated to climate change, called the \u201cConference of the Parties\u201d or \u201cCOP,\u201d has been organized under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 1995. At the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties, or COP21, held in 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed.<\/p>\n

The conference now brings together all states parties to the Paris Agreement to discuss their next steps to address climate change and conclude further legally binding agreements to support climate action. The next conference, COP 28, will be held in the United Arab Emirates in December 2023.<\/p>\n

Paris Agreement<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty that aims to limit global warming to below 2\u00b0C, preferably 1.5\u00b0C, compared to pre-industrial levels. It was adopted by 196 parties in 2015 at COP21 in Paris and entered into force in 2016.<\/p>\n

The Paris Agreement is a landmark achievement in international climate change cooperation because it is a binding agreement for all parties to intensify efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects. It also provides tools for developed countries to assist developing countries in their climate mitigation and adaptation efforts, while establishing a framework for transparent monitoring and reporting of results.<\/p>\n

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are climate pledges and action plans that each country must develop in line with the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming to 1.5\u00b0C. They represent higher climate ambition.<\/p>\n

Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) set out the mitigation and adaptation priorities that a country will pursue to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, build resilience, and adapt to climate change, as well as financing strategies and approaches to monitoring and verification. In 2023, the first in a series of global \u201cstocktakes\u201d will assess progress in implementing the NDCs and the goals of the Paris Agreement.<\/p>\n

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National Adaptation Plans<\/strong><\/p>\n

National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) help countries plan and implement actions to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts, enhance adaptive capacity and strengthen resilience to crises. NAPs are linked to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and other national and sectoral policies and programmes.<\/p>\n

For NAPs to be successful, they must be participatory, inclusive, gender-responsive and transparent. This means that at the design stage, NAPs need to assess the specific needs and vulnerabilities of different groups in the country, paying particular attention to those most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and involving them in the development and implementation of strategies and programmes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an independent body established under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).<\/p>\n

The primary role of the IPCC is to evaluate scientific studies, research and findings on climate change and to provide vital scientific information and evidence-based recommendations to policymakers and the public. It is the most authoritative source of information on climate change science and its complex analysis of impacts, risks, adaptation and mitigation options.<\/p>\n

-Main image from UNDP page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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